Presentation Information
[P2-66]Ferrite-based recycled magnets without or with less critical raw materials for electric motor application
*Petra Jenus Belec1, Amit Mishra1, Matej KOmelj1, Anubhav Vishwakarma1, Adrian Quesada2, Cecilia Granados-Miralles2, Alba Berja2, Daniel Casaleiz2, Boris Saje3, Sandra Eriksson4, Blaž Belec 5 (1. Jožef Stefan Institute (Slovenia), 2. Institute of Ceramics and Glass, CSIC (Spain), 3. Kolektor Mobility, d.d. (Slovenia), 4. Uppsala University (Sweden), 5. University of Nova Gorica (Slovenia))
Keywords:
ferrite magnets,advanced consolidation,recycling,additive manufacturing
Permanent magnets (PM) are vital components of the green transition. However, the criticality of rare-earth elements (REE) [1] needed for their manufacture makes them of great strategic, geopolitical, and socio-economic importance, making it an urgent need to develop alternative REE-free magnets. The best-performing PMs are based on REEs, while lower-performance PMs use ferrites. [2] Due to the high performance of REE magnets, most modern devices employ them, as they are lighter and lead to better efficiency. Unfortunately, REEs are critical raw materials owing to their supply risk and price volatility, and also their harmful environmental impacts. [3,4] One of the solutions focuses on improving the performance of alternative rare-earth-free or rare-earth-lean magnets co-designed with electric motors or generators for greater efficiency. To address these challenges, the magnets presented here are produced solely by recycling of injection moulded PM scrap material, with the recycling done in several stages, by milling, or milling followed by polymer removal and annealing to recover the magnetic properties of powders. The milled (or milled and annealed) material serves as a feedstock for consolidation by conventional or advanced sintering techniques (Spark Plasma Sintering, or Pressure-less Spark Plasma Sintering). Processing and consolidation parameters were tailored to achieve dense magnets. On the other hand, recycled ferrite powders were used for the production of additively manufactured multicomponent magnets. The phase composition, microstructural analysis and magnetic properties of starting powders, sintered and additively manufactured magnets were evaluated.
Acknowledgement: This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 101003575 (ERA-MIN3, project GENIUS) and the Slovenian national research agency (P2-0087, P2-0405, P2-0412).
[1] Bourzac & Katherine. The Rare-Earth Crisis. MIT Technol. Rev. 114, 58–63 (2011).[2] Granados-Miralles, C. & Jenuš, P. On the potential of hard ferrite ceramics for permanent magnet technology—a review on sintering strategies. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 54, 303001 (2021).[3] Ranjan, C. Modelling Theory and Applications of the Electromagnetic Vibrational Generator. Sustain. Energy Harvest. Technol. - Past, Present Futur. (2011). doi:10.5772/27236[4] Earth.org. How Rare-Earth Mining Has Devastated China’s Environment. Earth.org (2020). Available at: https://earth.org/rare-earth-mining-has-devastated-chinas-environment/.
Acknowledgement: This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 101003575 (ERA-MIN3, project GENIUS) and the Slovenian national research agency (P2-0087, P2-0405, P2-0412).
[1] Bourzac & Katherine. The Rare-Earth Crisis. MIT Technol. Rev. 114, 58–63 (2011).[2] Granados-Miralles, C. & Jenuš, P. On the potential of hard ferrite ceramics for permanent magnet technology—a review on sintering strategies. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 54, 303001 (2021).[3] Ranjan, C. Modelling Theory and Applications of the Electromagnetic Vibrational Generator. Sustain. Energy Harvest. Technol. - Past, Present Futur. (2011). doi:10.5772/27236[4] Earth.org. How Rare-Earth Mining Has Devastated China’s Environment. Earth.org (2020). Available at: https://earth.org/rare-earth-mining-has-devastated-chinas-environment/.